American Superiority Essay -- essays research papers

In his arrangement of articles and "letters" on American life, Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crevecoeur gives his perusers various instances of the prevalence of America over all different nations of that time. He accepts that one explanation behind prevalence is that America is with out the gentry so common in Europe at that point, which prompted a hard working and socially equivalent society. Another explanation Crevecoeur considers America to be an unrivaled society is the tolerating, and absorbing into one new race, poor people people groups from every European nation. This prompted an uncommonly differing populace, considerably more different than any of the European nations eight-tenth century. It was thus, just as numerous others that Crevecoeur considered America to be the best country of the 1700’s. Crevecoeur appreciates the uniformity and the opportunity of the American individuals. He sees existence without the cruel principle of rulers and religious administrators as significantly more nice and satisfying to the overall population. The absence of a set up nobility takes into account the rich and the poor to blend and trade thoughts in a manner never thought in Europe. The classes were additionally brought to a solitary level by the reality that all individuals in the states needed to work to endure. The rich and poor the same needed to, from the outset, work their own property to gracefully food and pay to help themselves and their families. This prerequisite for work prompted the American individuals being very ventures and independent, significantly under unfavorable conditions....

Free Trade and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organized commerce and Protection - Essay Example There is no uncertainty relating to the way that assurance and facilitated commerce are the two methodologies which can as much be depended on by the creating scene as by the created world to meet their development destinations and the residential difficulties. Particularly more so when the US has an intricate history of being available to the mechanical items from remote countries while carefully controlling the deluge of their farming items. Sober-mindedly, a faithfulness of the creating scene to the facilitated commerce won't be of any utilization to it, except if it helps in its destinations of neediness easing and broadening wellbeing, nourishment, and instruction to the least fortunate of poor people. Considering the way that enormous pieces of China and India are confronting a circumstance of extreme dry spell, the makers of basic rural items in these two countries certainly should be ensured. With ranchers in the Telangana (India’s cotton belt) and Vidarbha (India†™s breadbasket) portions of India ending it all attributable to the enormous misfortunes brought about by them on a persistent premise and the expansion in India taking off to twofold digit figures, India’s cultivating segment unquestionably should be shielded from the attack of American homestead items. The gravity of this disaster is additionally complemented by the way that credit waivers of INR 60, 00 million stretched out by the Indian government neglected to safeguard the Indian ranchers from a dominating state of mind of wretchedness, sadness, and disappointment and the suicides are still continuing.... Particularly more so when the US has a detailed history of being available to the modern items from remote countries while carefully controlling the inundation of their agrarian items. Practically, a loyalty of the creating scene to the unhindered commerce won't be of any utilization to it, except if it helps in its destinations of destitution easing and expanding wellbeing, sustenance and instruction to the least fortunate of the poor.Considering the way that enormous pieces of China and India are confronting a circumstance of extreme dry spell, the makers of basic agrarian items in these two countries unquestionably should be secured. With ranchers in the Telengana (India's cotton belt) and Vidarbha (India's bread bin) portions of India ending it all attributable to the huge misfortunes brought about by them consistently and the swelling in India taking off to twofold digit figures, India's cultivating division positively should be shielded from the assault of American homestead it ems. The gravity of this disaster is additionally complemented by the way that an advance falter of INR 60, 00 million reached out by the Indian government neglected to protect the Indian ranchers from a dominating mind-set of melancholy, misery and dissatisfaction and the suicides are still continuing.Perhaps it is simple for the US to sing the melodies of organized commerce, when its cultivating division is basically motorized and utilizes just 1.9 percent of its populace. As opposed to this, China has almost 23 percent of its populace utilized in farming while in India this figure remains at a surprising 58 percent. Considering the contemporary recessionary worldwide patterns, the financial development in India has just dove to 5.3 percent from the anticipated objective of 7 percent. Enormous scope lay offs previously turning out to be

Obvious Marketing Moves I was Totally Missing on LinkedIn and Mobile!

Evident Marketing Moves I was Totally Missing on LinkedIn and Mobile! Press Pack Solutions While eating out of a nut spread press pack half a month prior, I arrived at where I was unable to crush out any more-yet I knew there was still a lot of almond margarine adhered to within dividers of the bundle. It didn’t take me long to make sense of that I could slice the bundle open to separate the rest of the goo. It was chaotic, however it worked. Presently, I arrived at the finish of a toothpaste cylinder and thought, â€Å"I wonder if there’s toothpaste adhered to the inner parts of this bundling too?† I cut open the cylinder and recovered three brushings worth of glue. It took me what†¦ 40 years? to try and notice this issue. The arrangement was simple. Blinding Flashes of the Obvious We as a whole have minutes where something occurs, or somebody makes a proposal to us, and a light goes off. Stunning! That bodes well! How did I not think about that? It was directly before my face. How have I not done that as of now? My ActionCOACH mentors call these unexpected disclosures â€Å"Blinding Flashes of the Obvious.† At the point when one of these thoughts emerges, I am amazed by it since I likely knew some place somewhere inside that I expected to do this thing, yet it hadn’t ascended to the surface as a need. After an underlying, â€Å"What have I been thinking?!† I get vigorously. This previous week, I went to The National Resume Writers’ Association yearly gathering, where I collected a few â€Å"blinding flashes of the obvious† from discussions I had with my partners. Here are my best two: 1. Make more than one LinkedIn profile Experience passage for my â€Å"job† at The Essay Expert. You’d imagine that as a LinkedIn master I would have boosted my LinkedIn SEO as of now. I tell others all the time that on the off chance that they held more than one situation at an organization, they ought to make more than one section so as to incorporate more catchphrases. Be that as it may, would i say i was following this exhortation myself? Not a chance. I resembled the notorious overweight, cigarette-smoking specialist. Yowser. At The NRWA meeting, an individual resume author gave me her LinkedIn profile to ask my sentiment. She had (eight!!) sections for her present business, and she had stuffed watchwords into each one. While I didn't suggest that she utilize this strategy, and keeping in mind that I accept that â€Å"keyword stuffing† can reverse discharge, I understood that with just a single passage for my job in my business, I was passing up a major chance to place more watchwords into my own LinkedIn profile. As of Sunday night, I have made separate segments in my profile for my situation as an Executive Resume Writer, Executive LinkedIn Profile Writer, and College Admissions Essay Consultant. I am in dismay that for as long as eight years, I had been packing every one of these jobs into one LinkedIn Experience section. I am interested to perceive what occurs with my profile perspectives and requests for business since I have followed my own recommendation! 2. Get messaging abilities to and from my business telephone line. For in any event two years, messaging has been the most well known type of correspondence utilized in this nation. It would appear glaringly evident that individuals would need to send writings to my business number. Indeed, I’m sure numerous individuals have sent writings to my business number, thinking they were contacting me. Until yesterday, those writings were going legitimately to no place. That, yet when I needed to send a book to a customer, I needed to do it through my own phone. I didn't care for messaging customers since then they would call me on my own phone number, and I very much want to keep that number, well, individual. I was abstaining from messaging as a result of this issue, regardless of the way that my customers most likely would have wanted to content me. Is it accurate to say that i was thinking about the most evident answer for this issue? No. I was not organizing the issue, regardless of the way that 95% of writings are perused inside 3 minutes, while just 12% of messages are opened. Empowering content was an easy decision, and I clearly had no mind. It took me until last week’s gathering, at the proposal of my splendid partner Robin Schlinger, to do what needs to be done and empower messaging capacities on my business line. She referenced that few official customers had messaged her with requests for her administrations, and that was sufficient to persuade me to buy into on the messaging temporary fad! Presently customers will have the option to contact me through their favored method of correspondence, regardless of whether that is telephone, email, or †¦ content!! What's more, I can undoubtedly send writings without uncovering my own number. On a related note, I required a superior method to make calls from my mobile phone that gave off an impression of being originating from my business number. Buying messaging capacities drove me to download the eVoice application, which tackled that issue as well. I had been needing that sort of answer for a considerable length of time getting the application was another blinding glimmer of the self-evident! So as to have the kinds of disclosures I’ve been depicting, we must be focusing, tuning in for smart thoughts (they could show up at any second), and ready to make new move. It is safe to say that you are prepared? Are there annoying issues throughout your life that you have been overlooking, not by any means giving them the hour of day? Perhaps they are a higher priority than you might suspect, and simpler to fix than you might suspect. I challenge you to have a â€Å"blinding blaze of the obvious† this week, and offer underneath what it is!

My Perception of Any Human to Another Essay Sample

Countee Cullen was an outstanding representative of the Harlem Renaissance and his poetry remains topical even now, almost a hundred years after it was published. I find that the poet’s â€Å"Any Human to Another† is a masterpiece, and it left its imprint on me the first time I read it. Although I had known about racial inequality before, I used to take it as a bare fact. My parents always told me to treat everybody equally well regardless of their ethnic origin and social status, and it was a dogma to me. But only after reading the poem did I realize what it feels like to be in the shoes of an underprivileged person and understood their perception of the world in which no matter what they do, they will be an underdog because of their skin color. The poem evoked compassion in me. I deeply sympathize with the people who cannot find a place in the sun because of the conceited and arrogant people who think they are masters of the Universe and can decide on a fate of another person as if they were a God. Countee Cullen emphasizes equality of any humans, for we all experience grief and sorrow in the same way. Everybody knows what it feels like to be devastated and how painful it is to live through such strong emotions. However, the poet tells that proud people feel good about themselves by humiliating others, and he metaphorically describes that a wreath of bitter sorrows crowns the head of the one who affronts others. The significance of those words resonates today, almost a hundred years after the poem was published. At a first glance, we live in a politically correct world where minorities have the same rights as anybody else. But if you have a closer look, you will notice that equality exists mainly on paper. And I do not talk about racial equality only. What I mean is irregular allocation of funds across the world, poverty, need and starvation that the rich seem to turn a blind eye to. There are millions of people living in constant pain because of malnutrition, lack of medical care and terminal illnesses. Their lives can be compared to survival. At the same time there are rich people who have personal planes, yachts and grand mansions on each continent of the world. According to the data from Credit Suisse, 1% of the world have the same amount of wealth as the remaining 99% combined. How can we speak of equality here? Surely, large enterprises and corporations give working places to the peopl e in countries of the third world. But how can a person benefit from a salary that keeps them below poverty line? How can they break from a vicious circle of hard work, hopelessness and need? It is a sad fact that these days one can enrich themselves only at the expense of making someone else poorer. And so the gap between the rich and the poor increases day by day and leaves fewer chances for the underprivileged. How do I think that could change? In my opinion, the world should be driven not by the greed for gain but by compassion, mercy and love. People who come to power and great fortune should remember that they are given welfare not to pamper their own ego and lead an extravagant life but to be able to help to the less fortunate of the world. For is it not noble to save a child’s live or build a school that would give people access to education instead of buying the 5th mansion? Everybody else, who is not awfully rich, should remember that they should treat the minorities and the poor with due respect and understanding. After all, we are all human and we do not know what tomorrow will look like, and what life has in store for us. Such a brotherhood of people would make our world a better place to live in.

The Effects Of Divorce On Children s Children - 1432 Words

Thinking about divorce? Before making any decisions, think about your child’s emotions toward your decision. Maybe that will change your mind. Every child is different, so every child will accept and adapt to a change like this differently. In this paper I will be discussing the impact of divorce on children, children’s adaptations to their situations, and finally, my journey through parents’ divorce. Psychological Impact of Divorce on Children In 2010, a comparative study on the psychological adjustment of preschool children from divorced and nuclear families in the nursery school. The research consisted of 30 children from divorced families, and 30 children from nuclear families. Children showed no differences in their general school adjustment, social skills, and school performance, but there were significant correlations between the quality of intrapersonal relationships and school performance, and the form of the family and the emergence of emotional and/or behavior problems. Children were also told to draw an imaginary family in the frame of test of family, this experiment showed significant differences between the two groups of the sample at hand. This research shows that we should not forget that children’s adaptation and success in school are closely related to their social and emotional well-being, which is highly effected by divorce and family situation. A study in 2013 was also conducted to determine if t here is a relationship between single-parent householdsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Children s Life997 Words   |  4 PagesMany times when people get a divorce they tend to not take into consideration about their kids, whether they are five, ten, or seventeen. They go along with the divorce not realizing that this poor child s life is about to be turned upside down. Divorcing someone, while children are involved affects the way children develop to become adults. It can scare them, when they grow up to be parents one day, or they may even not want to be parents one day because all of the things they had to go throughRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children s Life907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen parent choose divorce as a solution, their children become exposed to countless stressors. These children know for a fact things are about to change, but they are unsure how which can be quite a frightful experience. These kids have to learn to cope with the whole situation wi th no anticipation since divorce tends to be a sudden decision rather than a planned, pre-meditated option. On the other hand, some couples choose to stay together since they do not want their children to face the amountRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children s Life1736 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Divorce in Children So you re living the american dream , you have a perfect house , a perfect car , two perfect children and then like the majority of americans the trend of divorce hits your family . Divorce is a daunting word ,it causes heartbreaking change and pain to everyone involved . Many would agree its a child nightmare seeing their two parents separate . Who could think that one single event could carry such importance on a child s life .Children of divorcedRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children : Children s Growth And Development1370 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Divorce on Children Parenting is not an easy task. In fact, many believe it to be one of the hardest things to do in the world. It’s never easy to make a decision. This is even more-so when each decision you make not only directly impacts your life, but also the life of your children. A good parent fifty or more years ago would have been defined as those who provided for their children and taught them to be both respectful and responsible. The primary concern was to ensure they were protectedRead MoreEffects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Development1019 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that it has a huge impact in children s development. The researches of Divorce and the impact on a child s development. Some of the e journals will explore and help us identify some the effects that harm children as they encounter their parental divorce. Numerous researchers have found that parental divorce is associated with a range of negative outcomes in young children. We will focus on prospective Analysis and explore the study more detailed. The effects of a person’s early relationshipRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children s Development1769 Words   |  8 Pagesa father, mother, and children. However, currently this is not always the case. Divorce rates have risen over the years, breaking the nuclear family; unfortunately, this event can affect children’s development. Gary Peterson and Kevin Bush mention the conclusion of – children benefiting from two-parent families rather than single-parent families (499). This can be proven when we notice the effects divorce can have on a child’s development. The effects of divorce on children vary because each childRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children s Socio Economic Success Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesOra Fudge English 1302.41430 Prof. Savage 4 Dec. 2016 Effects of Divorce on Children s Socio-Economic Success The family is the lowest unit within the social structure. Basically, a family consists of a couple and their children. Socially, a â€Å"full† family unit is respected while â€Å"one† units are stigmatized. In the past decade, an extensive literature has been developed in relation to the interplay between family structure, family change and child outcomes. In the developed world, marriage isRead MoreEffects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Mental Health2349 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Every year at least a million children are effected by divorce. Because the family is a developmental integral part of growing-up, parental divorce has shown to have negative short-term as well as long-term effects that often last into adulthood. Studies have highlighted the short and long-term impact, divorce has on children’s mental health. Anxiety, depression, and mental stress has been implicated as some of these far-reaching effects. Children of divorced parents are at increased riskRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children s Mental Health And Development1791 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Children need intact families to flourish. It is hard to imagine that if the family is torn apart, a child can simply adjust to a new situation, home, step-parent, siblings, and entire change of life as they know it without suffering significant effects upon their mental health and development lacks. Despite voices that serve to minimize the effects of divorce on children, this paper will show that the negative effects upon their mental health and development are such that theRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Parental Divorce On Children s Health969 Words   |  4 Pages Long Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Children’s Health Chi Chang California State University, Fresno Long Term Effects of Parental Divorce on Children’s Health Not all married couples stay together. It is during such times as divorce that families are torn apart and children become the main victims. Children from families who have experienced divorce are more likely to suffer future health complications compared to those who have not. Studies examined their psychosocial

The War Between India And Pakistan - 1090 Words

In the middle of 1971 the war between India and Pakistan became a must for India, there seemed no miracle to halt the inevitable nor Allah wanted Pakistan to keep continuing with its’ nefarious activities, and the entire world leaders and major powers become active to have their own slice of flash. The intelligence agencies of USA, USSR, China, India, Pakistan and other countries became highly active, sensitive to each and every movement in the Indian-sub-continent. Israel’s Mossad came out highly successful in trapping a few high govt, official of Pakistan’s Defence Ministry, and women who were regular visitors to President’s House of Pakistan in Rawalpindi. The valuable information procured by Mossad were passed on to India and Gen.Yahya Khan never came to know the moles in his house and office. In the month of Oct. 1971, Mrs. India Gandhi toured vigorously to Europe to make her point clear and non aggression policy of India. For the world to know India was least interested in occupying territories of neighbourhood countries, as projected by Pakistani rulers and media. She was able to win UK and France to block any US move in United Nations. The role of USA in India – Pakistan war is not only interesting to note due to full of pitfalls, biased views, superior pride and an attitude – uncalled for. After a long discussion of Mr. L K Jha, then the Indian ambassador to US, regarding the position of India in case Pakistan does not halt influx of refugees to India and is notShow MoreRelatedThe Kargil War : A Conflict Between India And Pakistan1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Kargil war was a conflict between India and Pakistan. The two countries’ Armies were greatly involved in this conflict, with Pakistan having a bigger role to play in the war. It is important to note that Pakistan begun preparing for this war as early as February 1999 by selecting, training and deploying troops into the Kargil region. It is also imperative to understand the main intention behind all these preparations. The main aims of this grand plan were to isolate Siachen, to cause disruptionsRead MoreThe India And Pakistan Conflict R emains One Of The Most1381 Words   |  6 Pages The India and Pakistan conflict remains one of the most unfaltering and unresolved conflicts of our time. Since the birth of the nation in 1947, conflict ensued over religion and territory dividing the great nation into two independent states, today known as India and Pakistan. The history of relations between the two nations follows an oscillating track between times of peace and resumptions of wars and crises. Conflict expanded to encompass a broad range of issues from terrorism to a nuclearRead MoreThe Relations Between India And Pakistan1168 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan in the early 1960’s through the early 1970’s when conflicts between India vs. China and Pakistan had intensified. The Sino-Indian war that took place in 1962 ended as fast as it began. Along with the war that had taken place between India and Pakistan in 1965 and in 1971 when another indo-Pakistani war erupted and East Pakistan claimed independence and is known today as Bangladesh (Hagerty, 2002). In this comparison China and Pakistan had identified their similar interests with their historicalRead MoreEssay about Indo Pakistan Conflict Topic 1168 Words   |  5 PagesIndo Pakistan Conflict Topic Background: As World War II drew to a close, many new nations began to emerge. In the Middle East of course, the State of Israel was established; in South East Asia, two nascent countries were born, India and Pakistan. In 1947, Great Britain drafted a partition plan, separating British India into the two countries we now know as India and Pakistan. In conjunction was the Indian Independence Act, which formally gave both countries their sovereign right to govern, andRead MoreInternational Atomic Energy Agency : Indo Pakistani Arms Race1649 Words   |  7 PagesBrief Background of the Topic The Indo-Pakistani conflict began at around 1947. During the British colonial rule, Indian and Muslim nationalism resulted in the conflict between India and Pakistan. The conflict was mostly between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim Leagfue. As the British retreated after the end of World War II, the British government advised, before its departure, that the two organizations should cooperate and draft a constitutional framework. However, due to bitter tensionsRead MoreWhat Were the Problems Facing a Newly Independent India After the Partition of 1947? How Were They Handled? Were They Successful?1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom was granted it was divided into two states which were Dominion of Pakistan later known as Islamic republic of Pakistan and Union of India later known as Republic of India. Right after the partition of 1947, it declared that it was leader or King of the state to decide if the state should follow the Muslim or a Hindu religion. This Policy separated the people of India and Pakistan, and caused a lot of hatred between both sides. This policy also cause huge problems because some states wouldRead MoreEssay on The Cold War: India1580 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrialized World in the beginning of the Cold War. The First World was America while the Second World was the Soviet Union. The Developing World represents much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. After most of these countries became independent of western influence and recourses, their infrastructure began to fall apart. The United States and the Soviet Union used their allies for raw materials and markets, which was a big part of the cold war. India was a non-aligned country so the two superpowersRead MoreOthe Native Population And Original Form Of Government1652 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment in Pakistan. The population of Pakistan is 195,685,058 as of March 27th, 2017, based on the latest United Nations estimates. This is equivalent to 2.62% of the total world population, ranking at number 6 in the list of countries and colonies by population. In 1955, just a few years after Pakistan became an independent country in 1947, the population was at 40,427,072. This is a rise of approximately 150,000,000 in 62 years. o The colonial era and the influence of European rulers on Pakistan andRead MoreDo Nuclear Weapons Prevent A War?1557 Words   |  7 PagesDo nuclear weapon prevent a war? Does possessing of nuclear weapons offset conventional force imbalance and deter military threat? The historian Spencer Weart notes You say nuclear bomb and everybody immediately thinks of the end of the world The escalation of nuclear proliferation in and around the world, especially in the Middle East has led to the fear of nuclear war in the near future. Many countries built nuclear weapons because it felt insecure from the major nuclear states or fromRead MoreSouth Asian region is considered the heartland of present times owing to its geo-strategic1200 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantageously vital during the Cold War. South Asia is the region populated by different nations speaking different languages belonging different cultures and embracing different religion. In total there are seven countries in south Asia and the major countries of this region are India and Pakistan due to three major reasons: Firstly, huge land size, second population size, Third economic size and fourthly both are Nuclear powers. The added point is that both India and Pakistan both are neighbors and share

Beneath the plumage Essay Example For Students

Beneath the plumage Essay The Tale of the Green Bird is the most daring play that ever issued from my inkwell, declared Carlo Gozzi, the 18th-century Italian fabulist. Daring is a relative term, of course. But when the dizzyingly original Gozzi claims something as his most daring work, that really says something. And yet chances are that audiences dont know Gozzi except at an operatic remove: His best-known plays, Turandot and The Love of Three Oranges, provided the basis for musical masterworks by Puccini and Prokofiev. Students of Italian drama may also remember Gozzi as the loser in a once-famous literary battle, in which his rival Goldoni was crowned victor by a public which ultimately preferred the latters realistic, bourgeois comedy of manners. It is largely because drama took a right turn at the Goldoni-Gozzi intersection heading toward psychological realism and away from pure commedia and fantasy that Gozzi has languished as one of the theatres under-appreciated geniuses. But such remarkable talent couldnt be neglected entirely, and it may well be that the world wasnt ready for Gozzi until this century. Some adventurous modern directors Meyerhold, Reinhardt, Strehler, Serban have risen to the challenge of Gozzis bold theatricality. To this list of interpreters may now be added Theatre de la Jeune Lune, whose production of The Green Bird is scheduled to run through Jan. 29 at the companys home base in Minneapolis. Jeune Lunes ebullient staging of this 1765 fairy-tale play has been produced in collaboration with New Havens Yale Repertory Theatre. After a preliminary stint in Minneapolis last November. The Green Bird transferred for a three-week run at Yale during December, where Yale Drama School students performed in minor roles and design student Henry Dunn assisted company members Vincent Gracieux and Steven Epp in creating the shows inventive scenography. And it is inventive design above all that The Green Bird demands. Consider this abbreviated list of events which must be portrayed onstage: The royal twins Renzo and Barbarina throw a magic stone, which instantly turns into a mansion. A statue named Calmon, who was a man before his cynical philosophy ossified him, speaks sage advice to the youths. Another statue, the once-vain Pompea, reverts to flesh-and-blood thanks to Renzos successful quest for the Waters that Dance and the Apples that Sing. Then there is the good queen Ninetta who lies imprisoned beneath the palaces kitchen drains, while the title characteractually, a prince bewitched by an ogre flies to her with food and drink to sustain her life. Finally, at the plays happy ending, the wicked queen-mother is turned into a turtle, and her poet-accomplice into a jackass. With a storyline like this, its little wonder if directors and designers alike tremble at the name of Gozzi. Outline1 Blend of dramatic styles  2 Surrealist inspiration  3 Worlds of myth and commedia   Blend of dramatic styles   But physical theatricality is Jeune Lunes raison detre, and according to dramaturg performer Robert Rosen, it was Gozzis blend of dramatic stylescommedia with orientalism with fairy tale that especially piqued their interest: The worlds that he meshes are fantastic and a challenge to stage. We discussed in rehearsal the idea that these characters defend not only their different journeys, but their styles you have this world meeting that world. Both have to stick to their rules, and yet you have to create a common ground for them to work in. Although director Gracieux admits that the show was at times pure hell to mount, The Green Bird has also elicited from the 15 year-old company some exuberant solutions to these hellish staging challenges. How, for instance, is one to portray a talking statue? The designers passed on the more obvious ideas of using a statue with a voiceover, or a plaster-encrusted actor a la the Commendatore in Don Giovanni. Instead, Calmon adopts three amusingly varied incarnations. At his first appearance, we see only a monstrously huge face (made of coated styrofoam and operated from behind by three crew members, who tilt the head and manipulate the jaw and eyeballs) accompanied by an enormous hand which gestures freely and at one point scoops up the twins. Later in the play, the scale shifts to the other extreme as Calmon becomes a tiny puppet-head, emerging from the mouth of a magic serpent. Finally, the video image of a real Roman bust is projected on the back wall; as this Calmon floats around in space, his chin is made to bob up and down as he speaks. .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .postImageUrl , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:visited , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:active { border:0!important; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:active , .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9724c22f0ba847ed3b0603354e4d62fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek Theater Essay Surrealist inspiration   For their designs, Epp and his colleagues claim visual inspiration from the surrealist painters Magritte and Dali, as well as from Kabuki theatre; the shows platform, for instance a huge, raised box filled with white sand is extended on either side by long entrance ramps typical of the Kabuki stage. Perhaps nothing in this show bet   captures a sense of magic than when performers (with the aid of two trapdoors and sturdy, unseen stagehands) make their seemingly impossible entrances from the sand below. The real godfather of this scenography, however, is a more recent surrealistMonty Pythons Terry Gilliam. Just as his famous cartoon sequences revel in sudden shifts of scalehuge feet, for example, abruptly entering a frame of tiny human figures so does Jeune Lunes production. And Gilliam draws characters who, as Epp observes, gobble up other images or open up their mouths to reveal something else, much like TJLs magic snake, who opens his mouth to reveal Calmon and the Apple that Sings. Delightful as this visual exuberance is, The Green Bird is far more than an excuse for spectacle. The play traffics in the sort of mythic fantasy that Freudian and Jungian critics salivate over, and civilized cultures ignore to their peril. In place of wise and just rulers, a stable sense of identity, and secure social commitments, one finds in The Green Bird precisely what humans seem to fear or puzzle over most. The King instantly forgets his love for Ninetta upon meeting Barbarina, for whom he lusts incestuously until he discovers shes his daughter. The twins earlier have turned their backs on their foster parents without the least twinge of conscience or gratitude. The enigmatic title figure is sometimes life-giving, sometimes life-threatening. As the green bird says at one point, Im your friend but also your enemy, notes Gracieux. Present also is the perennially fascinating theme of long-lost royal heirs being found, as well as Ovidian metamorphoses of humans into animals or statues into humans. And then there is the plays very crude scatological and sexual humor, which has been vigorously preserved in Albert Bermel and Ted Emerys superb translation. Worlds of myth and commedia   Just about the only thing that Gozzi did not aim at presenting was the sort of realism that was gaining a foothold in literature in the 18th century. Says Gracieux, Gozzi was completely against what Goldoni was doing, which was to show realistically the life of people and the conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. Gozzi didnt mine the worlds of myth and commedia simply out of an antiquarians conservatism, much less on a whim. Instead, he found in the stories overt aggression, unrestrained passions and non-rationality a more truthful depiction of the worlds divine comedy than what Goldonis realism could afford. But you dont need to analyze Gozzis stories in order to sense their appeal. We found that people have a very strong and personal response to those stories, Epp declares. Theres something about the simplicity and directness of fairy tales that is so provocative. The archetypal characters and situations you find in them open up your imagination. They can be silly and childlike, and yet theyre not frivolous.

Parliamentary Sovereignty free essay sample

When we talk about Parliament and parliamentary sovereignty what exactly do we mean? Firstly we must take the word Parliament to mean not the actual Houses of Parliament themselves but instead the Acts passed by Parliament with the consent of the Commons, Lords and the Queen. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is about the relationship between those who create the Acts (Parliament) and those who must apply them (courts). The argument we find ourselves trying to answer is who in fact has the supreme power? Is it the law makers or those who must apply the law? To present an analogy of the problem we could ask who has supreme power in a game of football or rugby. Is it the governing body who make the rules or is it the referee who must apply the rules in each game using his discretion as each situation occurs. The analogy may seem crude but judges find themselves in the exact position of referees. We will write a custom essay sample on Parliamentary Sovereignty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The question therefore remains, who is supreme? When Dicey published The Law of the Constitution in 1885 he identified parliamentary sovereignty as meaning that, Parliament has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. To look at this much quoted statement in more detail we can find a lot of evidence to support his view. It has been shown over the years that courts are totally unwilling to question the legitimacy of statutes unless there is some question as to them not being passed using the correct procedure. As long as an Act has passed through both Houses and received the Royal Assent judges will not argue whether or not a statute should or should not exist but will merely try to apply the statute. One of many examples of this is the case of Edinburgh Dalkeith Railway Co. v Wauchope (1842) 8 Cl F 710. In this case a man was appealing to the court against a private Act obtained by the railway company as it adversely affected him. The court however would have nothing to do with it and Lord Campbell pronounced, all that a court of justice can do is to look at the Parliamentary roll: if from that it should appear that a bill has passed both houses and received the Royal Assent, no court of justice can inquire into the mode in which it was introduced into Parliament, what was done to it previously being introduced, or what passed in Parliament during the various stages of its progress through both houses of Parliament. From this t is quite clear that courts will obey statutes as long as they are passed correctly but that ordinary courts have no jurisdiction, nor are they willing, to enquire into issues concerning the internal affairs of Parliament. This is known as the enrolled Act rule. It was again shown in the case of Ex Parte Canon Selwyn (1872) J. P. 54. and also was emphasised over a hundred years later in the case of Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 763. This again concerned the plaintiff arguin g over the validity of a private Railways Act. Lord Reid reiterated the words of Lord Campbell in Edinburgh Dalkeith and stated in judgement, For a century or more both Parliament and the courts have been careful not to act so as to cause conflict between them. Any such investigations as the respondent seeks could easily lead to such a conflict, and I would only support it if compelled by clear authority. But it appears to me that the whole trend of authority for over a century is clearly against permitting any such investigation. Once again this shows the courts unwillingness to question the validity of an Act. Lord Morris also said in this case, It is the function of the courts to administer the laws which Parliament has enacted. In the process of Parliament there will be much consideration whether a bill should or should not in one form or another become an enactment. When an enactment is passed there is finality unless and until it is amended or repealed by Parliament. In the courts there may be argument as to the correct interpretation of the enactment: there must be none as to whether it should be on the statute book at all. Courts, it seems, may not even question an Act if it is contrary to international law. This was clearly demonstrated in the case of Cheyney v Conn [1968] 1 All ER 779. Here it was claimed that money from tax given under the Finance Act 1964 would be used in a way contrary to international law. The court however decided that it was not their duty to say whether the contents of the Act were just, merely it was their job to apply the Act, irrespective of fairness or j ustice. A similar case was that of R v Jordan [1967] Crim L. R. 483. This was an appeal against the Race Relations Act 1965 on the grounds that it was an infringement on freedom of speech. Again this failed as the judges were unwilling to question the validity of the Act. One final case which is worth mentioning is that of Manuel v AG [1982] 3 All ER 786,822. Here Canadian Indian chiefs tried to declare the Canada Act 1982 invalid. They argued that although it claimed to have consulted the people of Canada it had not consulted them and therefore should not have been passed. The Court of Appeal held that there was nothing they could do once the Act was passed, it was too late. Megarry V-C said that, the duty of the court is to obey and apply every Act of Parliament, and the court cannot hold any such Act to be ultra vires. This would suggest that the courts will not get involved even if Parliament has not done all it should have done in passing an Act. As long as the necessary assents have been given, or even appear to have been given, the courts will not investigate matters further. From all this it is apparent that the courts and parliament both realise that they have specific jobs to do and prefer to get on with doing those jobs. Neither like to try to interfere with what the other is doing. Courts see their role, to go back to the sporting analogy, as being referees who must apply the rules. However they do not question the validity or logic of such rules, not publicly anyway. If, for example, the government passed a rule to say that no house in England would be allowed a garden shed then the courts would obey such a rule, however futile it may be or whatever international laws it may break. Their job is not to question, merely to apply. I will look at this role more closely towards the end of the essay. It has therefore been established that Diceys doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty is, in theory, true. Parliament, it seems, can make or unmake any law it wishes and no person or body can set aside or override such legislation. However whether this is actually true in practice remains to be seen. Although UK courts are bound to obey UK statutes regardless of how fair, just or practical they are, judges do have a certain flexibility in interpreting them. It is their job not only to apply the statutes but also to give their interpretation as to what parliament hoped to achieve by such a statute. They may interpret a statute strictly if they feel this is necessary, or if it is worded in such a way that makes ambiguity impossible, or they may allow a statute a wide interpretation, often as they may feel strict application may not be just in a specific case. Judges may very possibly interpret a statute to mean one thing in one case and something completely opposite in another case but at all times must remember their duty to act lawfully. In his book Constitutional and Administrative Law John Alder gives the example of a judge who interpreted a statute imposing a prison sentence as authorising hanging would simply be acting unlawfully. What the judge may do is use his discretion as to the length of the prison sentence but not as to alternative punishments. Going back to the sporting analogy if a footballer wastes time over a throw-in the referee may warn him, give a throw-in or free kick to the opposite side and/or give the offending player a yellow card. However the referee is not authorised to send the player off in a situation such as this and in doing so he would be acting unlawfully and would be subject to disciplinary charges from the governing body. So we see that judges although allowed to offer their own, sometimes biased, interpretation they may not act outside the laws laid down by Parliament. Often the power given to judges to interpret statutes can work in favour of Parliament. It is obviously difficult for Parliament to foresee all situations that may arise when they formulate an Act. In view of this it is often useful for Parliament to word Acts in such an ambiguous way that they can be given a wide interpretation by judges according to the different circumstances of each incident that may arise. In his article The Sovereignty of Parliament-in Perpetuity? A. W. Bradley points out, once the political decision has been taken to make a change in social or economic policy, and this decision has been expressed in legislation, it is for the judges to decide authoritatively on the extent of the new rights and duties which that legislation creates. In this respect, the courts have an essential part to play in ensuring the government is conducted according to law. What Bradley is saying here is that the creation of new legislation is almost a joint venture between Parliament and the courts. Parliament, to use another analogy, lay the foundations of the building and construct the basic brickwork and it is left to the courts to finish off the finer details and provide the fixtures and fittings. This seems to me to be a just way of making and applying the law. Although courts are not authorised to set aside primary legislation they can do so with delegated legislation. One of the reasons for enacting delegated legislation is that it saves Parliament time and allows for a change in such rules quickly and without going through the complex parliamentary process. Courts are allowed to challenge delegated legislation as ultra vires if it exceeds the scope of authority confirmed by primary legislation or if the correct procedures have not been followed. In the case of Hoffman La Roche v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1974] 2 All ER 1128 Lord Diplock said, in constitutional law a clear distinction can be drawn between an Act of Parliament and subordinate legislation I entertain no doubt that the courts have jurisdiction to declare [subordinate legislation] to be invalid if they are satisfied that in making it the minister who did so acted out with the legislative powers conferred on him ; and this is so whether the order is ultra vires by reason of its contents (patent defects) or by reason of defects in the procedure followed prior to it being made (latent defects) This trust placed in the courts by Parliament clearly shows the importance placed in the courts concerning legislative matters. Finally I feel it necessary to give a brief mention to the question of Europe on this matter. Since England joined the European Community in 1972 there have been a number of cases in which English statutes have conflicted with those from Europe. In these cases the judges have once again used their powers of interpretation and have often construed an English statute to confirm with an EC statute. For the most part English judges have no wish to clash with the Europeans and so try to pass judgement accordingly. The cases of Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd [1983] 2 AC 751 and Pickstone v Freemans plc AC 66 show clearly how judges apply a purposive interpretation to English statutes to make them conform. It is unclear however what would happen if Parliament enacted a statute in direct conflict to European laws. Although this is unlikely to happen on political grounds it seems English judges would be bound to apply a conflicting UK statute irrespective of European laws. Therefore to conclude it would seem that Parliamentary sovereignty is not a question of being more about the courts than about Parliament, or vice versa, it is about the two bodies working together to try and apply the law fairly. It is true however that when we talk about Parliamentary sovereignty we are not talking about Parliament having complete control as the courts do hold a certain amount of power. I have shown the powers they have in interpreting statutes and their vital importance in the application of law. It would be completely wrong to think that the judicial system is a puppet under the operation of Parliament as this puppet, as I have shown, has very much a mind of its own. Whether the courts should have more or less power is a difficult question. If they had less power we might be in danger of losing the flexibility in our judicial system, if they had more, i. e. they could override statutes, we may be faced with great inconsistencies. It seems that English courts whilst being allowed a certain amount of flexibility are still ultimately answerable to Parliament, however this seems to be more through choice than obligation.

What Should High School Students Do Over the Summer

What Should High School Students Do Over the Summer SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a high school student or the parent of one and are wondering how high school students should spend their summers?Summer is a great time to relax and recharge, but it’s also an excellent chance for students to get work experience, do an activity they enjoy, and boost their chances of getting into a top college. Read on for everything you need to know about summeractivities for high school students and how to choose the best option. Why Is It Important for High School Students to Keep Busy Over the Summer? While you may want to spend your entire summer sleeping in and hanging out with friends, it’s important also to spend part of the time being productive and preparing for your future. Participating in an activity over the summer can help you get a great job or get accepted to a top college in the future, and being productive over the summer doesn’t have to take up all your time or be boring! Colleges and employers love seeing applicants who are motivated and interested in learning more. By keeping busy over the summer, you'll show them that you have what it takes to be a great addition to their school or workplace. There are a lot of ways high school students can spend their summer; read on to learn what your options are and how you can choose an activity that you will find useful as well as enjoyable. How Can You Decide What to Do Over the Summer? You probably have a lot of options for how you can spend your summer: you could lifeguard at your local pool, take some summer classes, attend a summer camp near you or in a foreign country, and more. How can you decide whatyou should do? Read through the list below and ask yourself these three questions: #1: What Are Your Goals for the Future? Do you want to get a good job? Get into a dream college? Think about ways you can spend your time over the summer to make yourself a strong candidate. Will getting work experience help? You may want to consider a job or internship. Are there classes you can take to strengthen your transcript? Summer schoolmay be a good idea. #2: What Do You Enjoy Doing? You shouldn’t spend your summer doing something that makes you miserable. Are there certain extracurriculars, such as a club or sport, that you enjoy and want to continue over the summer? Is there a summer job that sounds interesting or fun? Try to find activities that will be both useful and enjoyable for you. #3: How Busy Do You Want to Be? It’s absolutely possible to do more than one of these activities during the summer. If there are multiple activities you’d like to do, feel free to do them. However, make sure you don’t become too busy or overwhelm yourself. Remember, summer is still about taking a break from school, and you don’t want to return to classes in the fall feeling burnt out and exhausted. Whileit may be great for your tan, youdon't want to spend allsummer lounging at the pool. 6 Great Summer Activities for High School Students Below are six of the best activities high school students can participate in over the summer. For each one, potential benefits and drawbacks are given, as well as examples and ways to get more information. Under the â€Å"How to Stand Out† heading, I’ve also included ways to make this activity particularly impressive to colleges and employers. Job Description: It’s common for high school students to work over the summer. Having a job is a great way to get work experience that you can include on your resume and college applications, and it will earn you money that you can use to help pay for college or just for fun. Many summer jobs for high school students are part-time, but full-time jobs are also available, especially if you’ve already worked at that place before. Common summer jobs that high school students have include being a lifeguard, cashier, or camp counselor. Pros:Make money, gain work experience for your resume and college applications. Cons: Some high school jobs can be tedious and not very interesting, your job may not relate to the career you want. Learn More: To learn more about jobs high school studentscan get, read our guide on the eight best jobs for teenagers,as well as this guide that will help you decide if getting a job is a good decision for you. How to Stand Out: Like any other activity, your job will impress colleges more if you stick with it and increase your responsibilities. If you can work at the same job over multiple summers and get promoted or have your responsibilities increased, that will make the job look stronger on your college applications. If you are able to find a summer job that relates to a subjectyou want to study in college or get a future job in, that will also help show colleges what your interests are and that you can commit to them. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Internship Description: Like a job, an internship involves working for a company or organization. However, internships are often more closely related to your career interests, and you may not always get paid to be an intern, especially as a high school student. If there’s a place you’d be interested in working at or learning more about, you can contact them directly and ask if they hire interns. Your high school’s career center will also likely have more information about internships you can apply for. Pros:Gain work experience,learn more about careers you may be interested in. Cons:You may not make money,some internships involve mostly grunt work that doesn’t teach you a lot about the specific career field. Learn More: For everything you need to know about getting and doing well at an internship, check out our guide. How to Stand Out: If you can get an internship that relates to a future career you’d like to have or subject you’d like to study, that will show colleges that you have a realinterest in that field. Schools like students who are passionate about something, and showing your passion in your internship will help boost your application. For example, if you are planning on majoring in English, getting an internship at a publishing company or newspaper, along with strong English classes and related extracurriculars, can show schools that you’re serious aboutthat fieldand motivated to learnmore about it. Schools will see that as an indicator that you’ll be similarly dedicated to your college classes and activities. Classes Description: Taking classes may not be the most fun way to spend your summer, but they can help you stay on track in high school and prepare you for college. Some students take summer classes to improve their grades in a class they didn’t do well in the first time, some do it to take a class they wouldn’t have time for during the school year, and some use summer classes as a way to take college courses or advanced high school classes. Summer classes can be taken in a variety of ways, either through your high school, at a community college, through an academic program at universities, or even online. Pros: Strengthen your transcript, take classes you’re interested in, can help prepare you for college. Cons: Might be harder to motivate yourself to study during the summer, not the most enjoyable way to spend the summer. Learn More:For more information, check out our guide to summer classes for high school students.We also have guides for severaluniversityacademic programs, including Stanford EPGY, the Boston University Summer Challenge, and the National Youth Leadership Forum. How to Stand Out: If you’re able to, taking college classes over the summer can be a great way to become a stronger applicant. Having college classes on your transcript, even if they are only introductory classes at a community college, can boost your application by showing schools that you’re able to handle the rigor and workload of college. This is an especially good option if your high school doesn’t offer a lot of advanced classes and you want to strengthen your transcript. Hobbies or Talents Description: This is a broad category that can includesports, clubs, or other activities that you do either through school, with a local group, or on your own. Some examples include sports teams, clubs, or a hobby you do in your free time, such as painting, working on computers, or creating a small business. Colleges and employers like to see applicants who have outside interests and can commit themselves to a particular activity. Continuing your hobbyduring the summer is a great way to show that. Because you don’t have classes to attend, summer is an excellenttime to spend more time participating in an activityyou enjoy.Use this time to think about how you can become better at the activity or increaseits impact. For example, if you love baking, is there a way you can expand that hobby? Perhaps you could take a pastry course, have community bake sales, see if local bakeries are interested in working with you, or something similar.If you do your hobby with a group, such as a school club or sports team, and they don't meet over the summer, you can still become better at it by practicing on your own or joining a community group, if one exists. Pros:Can do an activity you enjoy, possibly move into a leadership position, show colleges that you can commit to an activity and have interests outside the classroom. Cons:This may not be the best way to strengthen your resume or college application if you don’t plan on continuing the activity throughout high school or aren’t spending a lot of time on it. Learn More: If you need help deciding which activityto pursue, check out this guide tohundreds of extracurricular examples.We also have a guide to starting a new club if your school doesn't offer an activity that you're interested in. How to Stand Out: Your hobby or talentwill be most impressive to colleges if you have participated in it for an extended time period, have achieved a leadership position or more responsibility, and arepassionate about it. For more information on how to do this, check out this guide with four examples of amazing extracurriculars. Summer can be a great time to get better at a sport or other activity you enjoy doing. Summer Camp Description: Summer camps aren’t just for making s'mores and going on nature hikes anymore. More and more summer camps for high school students are being created that have unique focuses such as cultural immersion, performing arts, wilderness skills, and more. For this article, summer camps differ from regular extracurriculars because, even if they focus on the same area such as a sport, camps offer a more intensive, structured experience over a set period of time. Many students attend these programs to learn new skills or improve skills they already have. For example, if you want to get better at a certain sport or start to learn a new language, a summer camp can help you immerse yourself in that subject and really focus on learning it since there are fewer distractions, and you’ll be surrounded by people with similar goals. Participants may receive academic credit if they attend a program that includes coursework. Most of these programs are in the US, but there is a growing number of international summer camps for high school students. Pros: Can give you a unique experience, you may get the chance to travel, can focus on a skill or topic that’s important to you, chance of getting college credit. Cons: Can be expensive, the number of academic credits you receive is usually not very much, you may get homesick if it’s a sleep-awaycamp, some programs are poorly put together and may not be very beneficial or enjoyable. Learn More: Check out our guides for sports camps, medical programs, and study abroad programs to learn more about someof these opportunities. How to Stand Out: Summer camps can vary widely in terms of quality and the activities that participants do, so it’s important to research a program before you enroll in it. Look for programs that reflect your interests, whether academic or otherwise. For example, if you want to be a doctor,try to find a science-based summer camp or a program that lets you learn more about what it’s like to study and practice medicine. This will help show colleges that you take your career path seriously and are genuinely interested in learning more about it. Volunteering Description: Volunteering is when you do work that benefits others without receiving payment. There are many places where you can volunteer including schools, animal shelters, retirement homes, museums, and more. Most volunteer work is done near where you live, but there are also opportunities to do volunteer work abroad during the summer. This can be donethrough your school, place of worship, or an organization that offers these programs. In addition to the benefit of helping others, it’s often possible to choose volunteer work that relates to your interests. If you enjoy working with children, love spending time with animals, or want to work outside, you can often find a volunteer opportunity that allows you to do just that. Pros:Knowledge that you’re helping others,can include it on resumes and college applications,may be able to volunteer at a place where you’d like to work in the future,can fulfill a volunteer requirement if your high school has one. Cons:You won’t get paid,some volunteer work can be repetitive and tedious. Learn More: Learn about the nine best places to do community service as well as the best volunteer abroad programs. We also have a guide specifically for students trying to decide if they should attend a volunteer abroad program. How to Stand Out: Just completing a few hours of volunteer work won’t impress colleges very much. In order to make your volunteer work stand out, you’ll have to work at the same place over a long period of time, obtain a leadership position, and make your passion and interests clear. Check out this guide for a more in-depth look at how to make your volunteer work impressive. Summary It’s important that high school students spend part of their summer actively working or learning in order to bewell prepared for the future. Fortunately, there are many activities to participate in over the summer that will fit your interests and circumstances. Think about what you enjoy, what you could improve in, and what your goals for the future are in order to decide what to do over the summer. Regardless of the activity you choose to participate in, you can make it more impressive to colleges by connecting it to your interests, gaining new responsibilities, and sticking with it for the long term. What's Next? Want to know how to make your extracurricular stand out even more? Check out this guide to four amazing extracurricular activities and learn why they're so impressive to colleges. Wondering when to start applying to colleges? We have a guide that will give you a complete college application timeline to follow to make sure you're on track! Thinking about summer school?Our guide explains what summer school is, what you'll be doing, and who should be enrolling in it. Summer school has more uses than you may think! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Diplomacy game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diplomacy game - Essay Example The result of the war led tans to occupy more territory than the Zionist movement in the 20th century. During the 1919 period, the greens stated at the Paris Peace Conference that they forcefully wanted to acquire the tans Jordan Valley (now West Bank) and Litani (Lebanon’s river); for its economy stability. During the 1967 war, the tans exclusively took over the West Bank’s waters and the Galilee Sea but lost Litani. Through acquisition of the two large water bodies, the tans gained 80% of fresh water (1 billion m2 annually) leaving the greens with only 20%. The greens are further prohibited from using ‘their water’ by the tans belligerent military, leading them buy from the tans at inflated prices (Asser Para 13). In times when the tans and its greens-territory water diminish, the greens are normally the first victims to be victims to be victimized through water rationing. The greens agricultural economy continues to reduce due to lack of sufficient water-bodies (Asser Para 18). b) In most recent times, the tans military have been using depleted uranium weapons (DIME); Dense Inert Metal Explosive, to kill innocent civilians and children (Khan Para 6). The tans report its effort is to eradicate the greens militant groups who consistently fire against the tans. There have been diplomatic adventures to end the truce to no avail. The greens health ministry has reported numerous deaths and casualties’, majority of them being civilians and children. The weapons being used are far more advanced than NATO’s weaponry in combating terrorism. The lethal weapons are made from tungsten alloy which have massive power during explosion. After the explosion, its coverage does not reach very far about 10 meters but the people around that region are left cut and with severe burns (Khan Para 4). The tans are using the unconventional weapons against the Hamas; the greens proclaimed terrorists. Based on Khan Para 9 the tans military combated 10 sites used by the

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Political Science - Essay Example Even though Nick knew that whatever he did was wrong and kept on due to the belief that he could convince any debating side towards his own views, one day he met his match. William H. Macy, the Vermont senator wanted to place poison labels especially on cigarette packs in order to discourage people from the smoking (Longworth). Nick saw this as a motive to ruin his career and went ahead to conduct a public relation campaign with Rob Lowe, a Hollywood agent, so as to include cigarette smoking in the movies. Nick still on continuing with his quest, received a number of death threats regarding his work of encouraging people to smoke. Eventually, Nick met with an alluring reporter that worked for Washington Newspaper called Katie Holmes. This reporter ran a damaging profile on Nick putting him in a tight position to argue on supporting people to smoke after she produced one of his nude pictures (Ebert). The film reaches a climax when Nick is forced to look back at his job and assess the negative influence his job may have on his son. Eventually, it turns out that Nick eventually gets to his senses and accepts the reality of smoking and the need to discourage it (Ebert). Filibusters are often obstructive tactics employed by senators in order to delay a given bill. In regard to smoking, there have been a lot of filibusters played by many policy makers. Filibusters should be eliminated as they discourage crucial laws that affect the heath of its citizens, for instance cigarette smoking, from being discouraged. Nick had been employed by a Big Tobacco company to act as their spokesman and encourage more people to join smoking. Even though the government knew the repercussion smoking had on its citizens in the movie, still measures to curb smoking could not be implemented immediately due to filibusters. The senator at one point tried to pass a law to ensure that cigarettes had a poisonous ban put on them, but did

Jane Austens Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Jane Austens Persuasion Essay Jane Austen is a successful classic romance novelist, one of her many novels is Persuasion, a novel that portrays love. She published six novels that all relate to the theme of love and marriage along with the consequences of making that important decision. While the novel Persuasion is romantically favourable, there are ideas presented about marriage that are not very appealing. The main story of the novel was the reunion of Anne and her shattered love with, Captain Wentworth. Though they were sincerely in love, the relationship was rejected by her father and Mrs. Russell from a financial and social class perspective. The ending of the story brings us to a beautiful happily ever after, where the engagement of Anne and Captain Wentworth takes place. The reunion of the couple, led to happiness for the two and that was all that concerned them. There are marriages however, that are quite uncooperatively performed. Some marriages usually serve the purpose of financial aid or social mobility for the significant other who is less fortunate, in this case it is usually the women. This is evident with Mrs. Clay and her desire to marry Sir Walter for wealth or Mr. Elliot and his desire to marry Anne to become baronet. Marriage in Regency England was used as a vehicle for many things (Pack 2012) . Hence, Jane Austen tells her perspective of women’s idea of why they should marry during that period of time. Overall, the ideas of marriage would be happiness; social class and wealth are what persuades most of the women into marrying in Regency England. â€Å"Why should the people be unhappy? Are there not landed gentry, country parsons, and even wealthy naval commanders for them to marry? Ruoff 2012)† For a successful marriage relationship involves the dedication and affection of both partners. During the course of the novel, the most successful and content relationship would be Anne Captain Wentworth. Though their relationship was unapproved and disregarded by the elders of the family, they both knew from time that they were meant for each other. Jane Austen uses Anne and Cap tain Wentworth as an example, contrary to the other marriages present in the novel to reveal her belief in the possibility of â€Å"good† marriages. The substantial ratio of love marriages to the others in the novel evidently conveys Jane Austen’s opinion on happy marriages; indicating that perhaps happiness in marriage is just a matter of chance. The love relationship with Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth in the beginning was very strong; regardless of their separation it is still continued to be one. You pierce my soul. I am half agony, half hope. Tell me not that I am too late, that such precious feelings are gone forever. I offer myself to you again with a heart even more your own than when you almost broke it, eight and a half years ago. Dare not say that a man forgets sooner than woman, that his love has an earlier death. I have loved none but you. Unjust I may have been, weak and resentful I have been, but never inconstant. (Austen, page 177) When Captain Wentworth says this to Anne its describes his unconditional love towards Anne which is true, regardless of her breaking their engagement when Lady Russell discourages her from the engagement. He willingly stated the truth of his feelings which indicates the fact that he had loved nobody and thought of nobody other than Anne. In this novel Captain Wentworth was portrayed by Jane Austen as a character to show the value of men’s love. â€Å"What was most wrong to Jane Austen was to marry without at least affection if not love. Always ridiculed when young women and their mothers go into secure marriages more than love† (wit and wisdom of Jane Austen 2012). In all the novels that Jane Austen has written it showed how much of a believer she was in love marriages and how she regarded it as. Austen felt that love should be shown in all relationships within the partners. When the other reasons of marriage were looked upon it came back to the necessity of women. When looking at this argument however, men also have the equal standing and determinations regarding the decision of marriage. Throughout this story Austen points out and mocks the characters that chose to get married for security of themselves over happiness of their lives. For example, Mary was shown to be arrogant, complaining, and careless mother because she cared about social class more. Just as much as men showing their affections and happiness towards their partners, women also show the same amount of affection and happiness but in some cases women’s love towards their partner is greater than expected compared to men. If I loved a man as she loves the Admiral, I would always be with him, nothing should ever separate us, and I would rather be overturned by him, than driven safely by anybody else. (Austen, page 61). When Louisa says this line it portrays that another character who believed in love marriages. This quote points out the depths of a women’s love in Aus ten’s perspective, showing her understanding of love and how it should be seen. The effectiveness of this line proves that it is not easy for a woman to accept love and it’s just as important as any other decision that you could ever make in your life. Their union, she believed, could not divide her more from other men, than their final separation. (21. 2). When Anne says this quote it shows her unconditional love towards Captain Wentworth and that there will be no other man other than him to replace her love, it also shows that even after seven years she never stopped loving Captain Wentworth still regretting her actions. This proves that women take their love seriously and that it is very strong. â€Å"†¦ is the only man she can love †¦ she in sorrow and lose beauty and youth in unveiling regret† (Kavanagh 2012). This quote reveals the sorrow of a woman when she has to part from her partner, it uses imagery to better illustrate the feelings of a woman when she goes through this. It relates to Anne because this is how she felt when she had to break the engagement between her and Captain Wentworth; and how much she regretted making that decision. Marriage is an important factor when it came to women especially when it either helps elevate their social status or bring it down. Throughout the story, Austen mainly portrays the significance of social ranking in society marriages. She pictured out which couples were more successful in the marriages, for example, the Crofts whom were well matched when it came to social status. Most of the women in this novel are put out as wanting to marry for high position in social rank. One of the marriages was Mary, it helps the purpose of marriage but it does not show the real meaning of marriage. â€Å"He thought it a very degrading alliance† (Austen, page 18). At the end of the novel, Anne and Wentworth are united but in the beginning they were disapproved especially by Sir Walter because Wentworth had no social ranking. Particularly, to the people of higher ranks, social class was tremendously important regardless of what the situation might be. No matter what the circumstance was, one does not marry below their own class. Looking at Anne’s perspective, her being a Baronet’s daughter could not marry Wentworth who was not of social rank or it was frowned upon in society and brought disgrace to the family. Westgate Buildings! said he, and who is Miss Anne Elliot to be visiting in Westgate Buildings? A Mrs Smith. A widow Mrs Smith; and who was her husband? One of five thousand Mr Smiths whose names are to be met with everywhere. And what is her attraction? That she is old and sickly. Upon my word, Miss Anne Elliot, you have the most extraordinary taste! Everything that revolts other people, low company, paltry rooms, foul air, disgusting associations are inviting to you. But surely you may put off this old lady till to-morrow: she is not so near her end, I presume, but that she may hope to see another day. ( Austen, page 14). The usage of this quote reminds Austen’s audience the consequence of marrying of low class. Since Mrs. Smith married someone of a low class she was frowned upon those who were above her like Sir Walter. â€Å"Jane Austen’s novels do affirm the value of a social order is undeniable† (Ruoff 2012). When Jane Austen wrote her novels she was extremely careful about how social class worked in marriages and the importance it gave even for the smallest issues, social class was almost a question of life or death. Marriage was undisputable. Women needed to find a husband with a high status to maintain personal status. Mary had merely connected herself with an old country family of respectability and large fortune, and had therefore given all the honour (chap 1 page 3). Mary like her father was very concerned about her personal statues and chose to get married to a wealthy and respected family. Since she was married into a family like that she was given all the honour and respect automatically regardless of what she was before. Here Austen shows that marriage in Mary’s case was to upgrade her social ranking and it shows the relationship of Mary and Charles is rather unstable and nor do they love each other. Marriage here was shown as a social mobility. â€Å"†¦by her pride, the Elliot pride† (Austen, pages 65). When Louisa said this, a believer of love marriages, suggested the pride that she had towards her husband, his family and herself. Mary is completely proud of her married life because as Baron’s daughter she held up the pride of the Elliot’s name and married into a respectful family. Even though she does not lead a happy life, she is fulfilled with the position that she has in society from the marriage she had. Jane thought the worst case scenario of a woman is not able to find a husband in her own social class and whose family cannot support her (wit and wisdom of Jane Austen 2012). Even though Jane Austen was a believer of love marriages at heart she also understood that a woman without social rank or a husband without a social rank won’t have a bright future. Especially when the woman’s family won’t support her in any way. Respect and Pride was two words that if in any case it was taken away; it is almost as life or death in most women’s lives. Mary acquired importance after becoming Mrs. Charles Musgrove; but Anne, with an elegance of mind and sweetness of character †¦ was nobody: her word had no weight†. Anne’s characteristic was portrayed as sweet, wittier and overall a better person compared to her sister Mary. However, she was barely respected or seen as a member in the family. Mary’s characteristic was portrayed as a horrible mot her, arrogant and just obnoxious and yet people respected her and treated her like an equal part of the family. Mary, being married into a wealthy and high social ranked family, secured her position as high in the social circle. Still, focusing on appearance and rank as he inserts Captain Wentworth’s name in the Baronetage. He has not changed at all (Adamson 2012). Sir Walter dismissed Captain Wentworth as a potential husband for Anne because he had no title or wealth but now Wentworth is respected by Sir Walter since Wentworth has acquired a fortune putting him stable and rich and qualified to be respected as one in the high society. This will help Anne gain everybody’s respect when she becomes dependent on Captain Wentworth and will lead a wealthy life. Throughout the past, marriages were frequently seen as a contract to protect the welfare of the family’s statues and finance, especially amongst the mist of local nobility and landlord gentlemen which is always pointed out and focused on in all her novels. Marriage was a tool and excuse to become wealthy and respected. Vastly women took the upper hand and advantage when considering marriage especially if it allows their lives to be prosperous. They are not mainly to be blamed because they have no choice, they were not educated or had the right to their parent’s wealth, marriage was the only other option for them to avoid the gutters and live royalty. Since women had no education like the men, women had no means or opportunities to make money to live their own life of their choosing. â€Å"Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. † (Austen, page 172). This quote states that education was not something woman were able to grasp at all, it was given to the men at a high degree and even if women were given education and it was just to read and write a little and that was it. In today’s world the more education you had, the better the career. However, back then, women were unfortunate as the quote suggests â€Å"The pen has been in their hands. † â€Å"Men always had the upper hand and the means of living compared to the women, â€Å"You have always a profession, pursuits, business of some sort or other, to take you back into the world immediately, and continual occupation and change soon weaken impressions. (Austen, page 173. ) When Anne says this line it bluntly says the situation of women and how they can’t have a job to rely on or anything else like the men because they have no education and mostly women were not allowed to even work in England. They were expected to stay home and look after the house and the children. Hence women relying on making good marriages financial wise in order to live happily. Women in the upper classes had the leisure to educate themselves; however, they, like their counterparts in the lower classes, were not expected to think for themselves and were not often listened to when they did. Jane Austens novels both reflect and challenge the periods attitudes toward women (Smith 2012). In Jane Austen’s novels, Austen was able to portray the struggles of uneducated people in that time period. The lower class women had no education at all compared to the high class ladies so their words were not considered anywhere. While the high class ladies at least were able to read and write somewhat and because of their positions in society it was easier for higher class ladies to express themselves. Regardless, of whether a family had a daughter, as the oldest child, the parent’s wealth always ended to the closet male family member and the daughter has nothing. â€Å"She had, while a very young girl, as soon as she had known him to be, in the event of her having no brother, the future baronet, meant to marry him. † (Austen, page 4). In England back in the time, had the law where the property and wealth of the family will go to the son who will be the next in line to take responsibilities of the household. Sir Walter has no heir; son, hence, putting his nephew William Walter Elliot, cousin of Elizabeth and her sisters next in line to the Baronet title. Elizabeth knowing this well enough decided to get married to him at such a young age to gain respect and wealth, proving that women have no choice regarding the family’s wealth it never went to the daughters. Hence, forcing them to marry for just wealth and prestige. â€Å"The gentlemen, the head of the house, like you father† (Austen, page 8). Ideally the head of the house back in the time and even now the men were the head of house. Austen uses a little dryness in this quote because women were in charge of looking after the house like cooking and cleaning and they were considered as â€Å"head of the house†. However, this quote says men to be the head of the house. This shows the reality of a woman’s life and goes to prove that women had limited to no opportunity regarding credit and job opportunities. Therefore, pushing forth with women using marriage has a tool to get the hold of respect and money. She realised that it was necessary for women to marry in order to avoid poverty (Gill and Gregory, 2003).

Fairy tale conventions and Great Expectations :: essays papers

Fairy tale conventions and Great Expectations Great Expectations and Fairy tales Tolkien describes the facets which are necessary in a good fairy tales as fantasy, recovery, escape, and consolation - recovery from deep despair, escape from some great danger, but most of all, consolation. Speak- ing of the happy ending,†¦all complete fairy stories must have it†¦However fantastic or terrible the adventure, it can give to child or man that hears it,†¦a catch of breath, a beat and lifting of the heart near to tears. Great Expectations shares many of the conventions of fairy tales. The one dimensional characters, the use of repetition, and the evil women seem to make the similarities strikingly strong. However, are they strong enough to conclude that it is indeed a fairy tale? It can not be ignored that it also falls short on some important areas, such as the traditional fairy tale ending. Is there enough evidence to classify it either way? Fairy tales have characters of complete good or complete evil. There are no characters who posses both of these qualities. In reading Great Expectations it is plain to see that there is indeed total goodness and total evil. This can be seen in many of the characters. There is no goodness to be found in Orlick. He plays the role of the bully. His hot temper results in the near death of Mrs. Joe and in the near death of Pip. Compeyson is another who has no goodness to be found in him. He is full of evil and hate. It was said that "He had no more heart than a iron file, he was cold as death and he had the head of the devil". He broke the heart of poor Miss Havisham so he could have her money. He also longed to kill his enemy, Magwitch, and ends up reporting him to the officials to get him put to death. Nowhere in this tale do either of these men show one ounce of compassion or goodness. They can both be regarded as the enemies and the "Bad guys" of the story. Joe is a character who shows complete goodness. He is kind hearted and gentle. His generosity and forgiveness is demonstrated countless times in the story. When the escaped convict speaks about the food he stole from Joe and asks his forgiveness, Joe's response is not one of anger.

Illustrative Transactions and Financial Statements Answers Essay

Identify potential problems with regression data. 7. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimates. 8. (Appendix A) Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis. 9. (Appendix B) Understand the mathematical relationship describing the learning phenomenon. Why Estimate Costs? Managers make decisions and need to compare costs and benefits among alternative actions. Good decision requires good information about costs, the better these estimates, the better the decision managers will make (Lanen, 2008).. Key Question What adds value to the firm? Good decisions. You saw in Chapters 3 and 4 that good decisions require good information about costs. Cost estimates are important elements in helping managers make decisions that add value to the company (Lanen, 2008). Learning Objective One: Understand the reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs The reasons for estimating fixed and variable costs The basic idea in cost estimation is to estimate the relation between costs and the variables affecting costs, the cost drivers. We focus on the relation between costs and one important variable that affect them: activity (Lanen, 2008). Basic Cost Behavior Patterns By now you understand the importance of cost behavior. Cost behavior is the key distinction for decision making. Costs behave as either fixed or variable (Lanen, 2008). Fixed costs are fixed in total, variable costs vary in total. On a per-unit basis, fixed costs vary inversely with activity and variable costs stay the same. Are you getting the idea? Cost behavior is critical for decision making. The formula that we use to estimate costs is similar cost equation: Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units T c = f + {v} x |With a change in Activity |In Total |Per Unit | |Fixed Cost |Fixed |Vary | |Variable |Vary |Fixed | What Methods are used to Estimate Cost Behavior? Three general methods used to estimate the relationship between cost behavior and activity levels that are commonly used in practice: Engineering estimates, Account analysis & Statistical methods (Such as regression analysis) (Lanen, 2008). Results are likely to differ from method to method. Consequently, it’s a good idea to use more than one method so that results can be compared. These methods, therefore, should be seen as ways to help management arrive at the best estimates possible. Their weakness and strengths require attention. Learning Objective Two: Estimate costs using engineering estimates. Engineering Estimates Cost estimates are based on measuring and then pricing the work involved in a task. This method based on detailed plans and is frequently used for large projects or new products. This method often omits inefficiencies, such as downtime for unscheduled maintenance, absenteeism and other miscellaneous random events that affect the entire firm (Lanen, 2008). Identify the activities involved Labor |Rent |Insurance |Time |Cost | Advantages of engineering estimates |Details each step required to perform an operation |Permits comparison of other centers with similar operations | |Identifies strengths and weaknesses. | | Disadvantages of engineering estimates 1. Can be quite expensive to use. Learning Objective Three: Estimate costs using account analysis. Account Analysis Estimating costs using account analysis involves a review of each account making up the total costs being analyzed and identifying each cost as either fixed or variable, depending on the relation between the cost and some activity. Account analysis relies heavily on personal judgment. This method is often based on last period’s cost along and is subject to managers focusing on specific issues of the previous period even though these might be unusual and infrequent(Lanen, 2008) . Example: Account Analysis (Exhibit 5. 1) |3C Cost Estimation Using Account Analysis | |Costs for 360 Repair Hours | |Account |Total |Variable Cost |Fixed Cost | |Office Rent $3,375 |$1,375 |$2,000 | |Utilities |310 |100 |210 | |Administration |3,386 |186 |3,200 | |Supplies |2,276 |2,176 |100 | |Training |666 |316 |350 | |Other |613 |257 |356 | |Total |$10,626 |$4,410 |$6,216 | |Per Repair Hour |$12. 25 ($4,410 divided by 360 repair-hours) | 3C Cost Estimation Using Account Analysis (Costs at 360 Repair-Hours. A unit is a repair- hour) Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units T c = f + {v} x |$10,626 = $6,216 + $12. 25 (360) |$10,626 = $6,216 + $$4,410 | Costs at 520 Repair-Hours Total costs = fixed costs + {variable cost per unit} number of units |Tc = $6,216 + {$12. 25} 520 |Total costs = $6,216 + $ $6,370 |$12,586 = $6,216 + $ $6,370 | Advantage of Account Analysis 1. Managers and accountants are familiar with company operations and the way costs react to changes in activity levels. Disadvantages of Account Analysis 1. Managers and accountants may be biased. 2. Decisions often have major economic consequences for managers and accountants. Learning Objective Four: Estimate costs using statistical analysis. The statistical analysis deals with both random and unusual events is to use several periods of operation or several locations as the basis for estimating cost relations . We can do this by applying statistical theory, which allows for random events to be separated from the underlying relation between costs and activities. A statistical cost analysis analyzes costs within the relevant range using statistics. Do you remember how we defined relevant range? A relevant range is the range of activity where a cost estimate is valid. The relevant range for cost estimation is usually between the upper and lower limits of past activity levels for which data is available (Lanen, 2008). Example: Overhead Costs for 3C ( Exhibit 5. 2) The following information is used throughout this chapter: Here we have the overhead costs data for 3C for the last 15 months. Let’s use this data to estimate costs using a statistical analysis. |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours | |1 |$9,891 |248 |8 |$10,345 |344 | |2 $9,244 |248 |9 |$11,217 |448 | |3 |$13,200 |480 |10 |$13,269 |544 | |4 |$10,555 |284 |11 |$10,830 |340 | |5 |$9,054 |200 |12 |$12,607 |412 | |6 |$10,662 |380 |13 |$10,871 |384 | |7 |$12,883 |568 |14 |$12,816 |404 | | | | |15 |$8,464 |212 | A. Scattergraph Plot of cost and activity levels Does it look like a relationship exists between repair-hours and overhead costs? We will start with a scatter graph. A scatter graph is a plot of cost and activity levels. This gives us a visual representation of costs. Does it look like a relationship exists between repair-hours and overhead cost? We use â€Å"eyeball judgment† to determine the intercept and slope of the line. Now we â€Å"eyeball† the scatter graph to determine the intercept and the slope of a line through the data points. Do you remember graphing our total cost in Chapter 3? Where the total cost line intercepts the horizontal or Y axis represents fixed cost. What we are saying is the intercept equals fixed costs. The slope of the line represents the variable cost per unit. So we use â€Å"eyeball judgment† to determine fixed cost and variable cost per unit to arrive at total cost for a given level of activity. As you can imagine, preparing an estimate on the basis of a scatter graph is subject to a high level of error. Consequently, scatter graphs are usually not used as the sole basis for cost estimates but to illustrate the relations between costs and activity and to point out any past data items that might be significantly out of line. B. High-Low Cost Estimation A method to estimate costs based on two cost observations, usually at the highest and lowest activity level. Although the high-low method allows a computation of estimates of the fixed and variable costs, it ignores most of the information available to the analyst. The high-low method uses two data points to estimate costs (Lanen, 2008). Another approach: Equations V = Cost at highest activity – Cost at lowest activity Highest activity – Lowest activity F = Total cost at highest activity level – V (Highest activity) Or F = Total cost at lowest activity level – V (Lowest activity) Let’s put the numbers in the equations | | | |V = $12,883 – $9,054 |V = $10. 0/RH | |568 – 200 | | F = Total cost at highest activity level – V (Highest activity) F = $12,883 – $10. 40 (568), F= $6,976 Or F = Total cost at lowest activity level – V (Lowest activity) F = $9,054 – $10. 40 (200) Rounding Difference C. Statistical Cost Estimation Using Regression Analysis Statistical procedure to determine the relationship between variables Hi gh-Low Method: Uses two data points. Regression analysis Regression is a statistical procedure that uses all the data points to estimate costs. [pic] Regression Analysis Regression statistically measures the relationship between two variables, activities and costs. Regression techniques are designed to generate a line that best fits a set of data points. In addition, regression techniques generate information that helps a manager determine how well the estimated regression equation describes the relations between costs and activities (Lanen, 2008). We recommend that users of regression (1) fully understand the method and its limitations (2) specify the model, that is the hypothesized relation between costs and cost predictors (3) know the characteristics of the data being tested (4) examine a plot of the data . For 3C, repair-hours are the activities, the independent variable or predictor variable. In regression, the independent variable or predictor variable is identified as the X term. An overhead cost is the dependent variable or Y term. What we are saying is; overhead costs are dependent on repair-hours, or predicted by repair-hours. The Regression Equation |Y = a + bX |Y = Intercept + (Slope) X |OH = Fixed costs + (V) Repair-hours | You already know that an estimate for the costs at any given activity level can be computed using the equation TC = F + VX. The regression equation, Y= a + bX represents the cost equation. Y equals the intercept plus the slope times the number of units. When estimating overhead costs for 3C, total overhead costs equals fixed costs plus the variable cost per unit of repair-hours times the number of repair-hours. We leave the description of the computational details and theory to computer and statistics course; we will focus on the use and interpretation of regression estimates. We describe the steps required to obtain regression estimates using Microsoft Excel in Appendix A to this chapter. Learning Objective Five: Interpret the results of regression output. Interpreting Regression [pic] Interpreting regression output allows us to estimate total overhead costs. The intercept of 6,472 is total fixed costs and the coefficient, 12. 52, is the variable cost per repair-hours. Correlation coefficient â€Å"R† measures the linear relationship between variables. The closer R is to 1. 0 the closer the points are to the regression line. The closer R is to zero, the poorer the regression line (Lanen, 2008). Coefficient of determination â€Å"R2† The square of the correlation coefficient. The proportion of the variation in the dependent variable (Y) explained by the independent variable(s)(X). T-Statistic The t-statistic is the value of the estimated coefficient, b, divided by its standard error. Generally, if it is over 2, then it is considered significant. If significant, the cost is NOT totally fixed. The significant level of the t-statistics is called the p-value. Continuing to interpret the regression output, the Multiple R is called the correlation coefficient and measures the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. R Square, the square of the correlation cost efficient, determines and identifies the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable, in this case, overhead costs, that is explained by the independent variable, in this case, repair-hours. The Multiple R, the correlation coefficient, of . 91 tells us that a linear relationship does exist between repair-hours and overhead costs. The R Square, or coefficient of determination, tells us that 82. 8% of the changes in overhead costs can be explained by changes in repair-hours. Can you use this regression output to estimate overhead costs for 3C at 520 repair-hours? Multiple Regressions Multiple regressions are used when more than one predictor (x) is needed to adequately predict the value (Lanen, 2008). For example, it might lead to more precise results if 3C uses both repair hours and the cost of parts in order to predict the total cost. Let’s look at this example. |Predictors: |X1: Repair-hours |X2: Parts Cost | 3C Cost Information | |Month |Overhead Costs |Repair-Hours ( X1) |Parts ( X2) | |1 |$9,891 |248 |$1,065 | |2 |$9,244 |248 |$1,452 | |3 |$13,200 |480 |$3,500 | |4 |$10,555 |284 |$1,568 | |5 |$9,054 |200 |$1,544 | |6 |$10,662 |380 |$1,222 | |7 |$12,883 |568 |$2,986 | |8 |$10,345 |344 |$1,841 | |9 |$11,217 |448 |$1,654 | |10 |$13,269 |544 |$2,100 | |11 |$10,830 |340 |$1,245 | |12 |$12,607 |412 |$2,7 00 | |13 |$10,871 |384 |$2,200 | |14 |$12,816 |404 |$3,110 | |15 |$8,464 |212 |$ 752 | In multiple regressions, the Adjusted R Square is the correlation coefficient squared and adjusted for the number of independent variables used to make the estimate. Reading this output tells us that 89% of the changes in overhead costs can be explained by changes in repair-hours and the cost of parts. Remember 82. % of the changes in overhead costs were explained when one independent variable, repair-hours, was used to estimate the costs. Can you use this regression output to estimate overhead costs for 520 repair-hours and $3,500 cost of parts? Learning Objective Six: Identify potential problems with regression data. Implementation Problems It’s easy to be over confident when interpreting regression output. It all looks so official. But beware of some potential problems with regression data. We already discussed in earlier chapters that costs are curvilinear and cost estimations are only valid within the relevant range. Data may also include outliers and the relationships may be spurious. Let’s talk a bit about each. Curvilinear costs |Outliers |Spurious relations |Assumptions | 1. Curvilinear costs Problem: Attempting to fit a linear model to nonlinear data. Likely to occur near full-capacity. Solution: Define a more limited relevant range (example: from 25 – 75% capacity) or design a nonlinear model. If the cost function is curvilinear, then a linear model contains weaknesses. This generally occurs when the firm is at or near capacity. The leaner cost estimate understates the slope of the cost line in the ranges close capacity. This situation is shown in exhibit 5. 5. 2. Outliers Problem: Outlier moves the regression line. Solution: Prepare a scatter-graph, analyze the graph and eliminate highly unusual observations before running the regression. Because regression calculates the line that best fits the data points, observations that lie a significant distance away from the line could have an overwhelming effect on the regression estimate. Here we see the effect of one significant outlier. The computed regression line is a substantial distance from most of the points. The outlier moves the regression line. Please refer exhibit 5. 6. 3. Spurious or false relations Problem: Using too many variables in the regression. For example, using direct labor to explain materials costs. Although the association is very high, actually both are driven by output. Solution: Carefully analyze each variable and determine the relationship among all elements before using in the regression. 4. Assumptions Problem: If the assumptions in the regression are not satisfied then the regression is not reliable. Solution: No clear solution. Limit time to help assure costs behavior remains constant, yet this causes the model to be weaker due to less data. Learning Objective Seven: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of alternative cost estimation methods. Statistical Cost Estimation Advantages 1. Reliance on historical data is relatively inexpensive. 2. Computational tools allow for more data to be used than for non-statistical methods. Disadvantages 1. Reliance on historical data may be the only readily available, cost-effective basis for estimating costs. 2. Analysts must be alert to cost-activity changes. Choosing an Estimation Method Each cost estimation method can yield a different estimate of the costs that are likely to result from a particular management decision. This underscores the advantage of using more than one method to arrive at a final estimate. Which method is the best? Management must weigh the cost-benefit related to each method (Lanen, 2008). Estimated manufacturing overhead with 520 repair-hours and $3,500 parts costs *. The more sophisticated methods yield more accurate cost estimates than the simple methods. |Account Analysis = $12,586 |High-Low = $12,384 |Regression= $12,982 |Multiple Regression= $13,588* | Data Problems Missing data Outliers Allocated and discretionary costs Inflation Mismatched time periods No matter what method is used to estimate costs, the results are only as good as the data used. Collecting appropriate data is complicated by missing data, outliers, allocated and discretionary costs, inflation and mismatched time periods. Learning Objective Eight: (Appendix A) Use Microsoft Excel to perform a regression analysis. Appendix A: Microsoft as a Tool Many software programs exist to aid in performing regression analysis. In order to use Microsoft Excel, the Analysis Tool Pak must be installed. There are software packages that allow users to easily generate a regression analysis. The analyst must be well schooled in regression in order to determine the meaning of the output! Learning Objective Nine: (Appendix B) Understand the mathematical relationship describing the learning phenomenon. Learning Phenomenon Leaning phenomenon refers to the systematic relationship between the amount of experience in performing a task and the time required to perform it. The learning phenomenon means that the variable costs tend to decrease per unit as the volume increase. Example: | |Unit |Time to Produce |Calculation of Time | |First Unit |100 hours |(assumed) | |Second Unit |80 hours |(80 percent x 100 hours | |Fourth Unit |64 hours |(80 percent x 80 hours | |Eighth Unit |51. hours |(80 percent x 64 hours | |Impact: Causes the unit price to decrea se as production increases. This implies a nonlinear model. | Another element that can change the shape of the total cost curve is the notion of a learning phenomenon. As workers become more skilled they are able to produce more output per hour. This will impact the total cost curve since it leads to a lower per unit cost, the higher the output. Chapter 5: END!! COURSE WORK EXERCISE 5-25 – A& B PROBLEM 5-47 -A& B REFERENCES Lanen , N. W. , Anderson ,W. Sh. & Maher ,W. M. ( 2008). Fundamentals of cost accounting. New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin. [pic]